So, I finally am on the road to getting this figured out.
You have to modify your _config.yml file to include something like the following:
defaults:
-
scope:
path: ""
type: "posts"
values:
layout: "post"
Note that you do not need trailing whitespace on lines ending with "-" or ":".
Make sure defaults is plural (which caused me some trouble at first). The specified layout (post, in this case) will correspond to a file named post.html in the _layouts directory.